Antoaneta Sawyer, Ph.D.
One of the successful markers of anti-aging and longevity together with human telomeres is the amino acid - glutathione. Glutathione is made from the combination of three amino acids cysteine, glutamate, and glycine. It is also a part of the powerful natural antioxidant “glutathione peroxidase” which plays an active role in DNA synthesis and repair, metabolism and detoxification of toxins and carcinogens, immune system maintenance, and fat oxidation prevention. Lorna R. Vanderhaeghe and Patrick J.D. Bouic, Ph.D state: "No other antioxidant is as important to overall health as Glutathione. It is the regulator and regenerator of immune cells and the most valuable detoxifying agent in the human body". Its advantage over vitamins C and E is that it works with enzymes that increase its utility. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GP) is converting glutathione in a "master" anioxidant as it is found to be able to slow down the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and the formation of vascular plaques in animal models. Glutathione-S transferase (GST) is the other enzyme that converts glutathione in one of the most poverful detoxifiers. When it is low, there can be an increased risk for a number of conditions associated with low glutathione.
One of the successful markers of anti-aging and longevity together with human telomeres is the amino acid - glutathione. Glutathione is made from the combination of three amino acids cysteine, glutamate, and glycine. It is also a part of the powerful natural antioxidant “glutathione peroxidase” which plays an active role in DNA synthesis and repair, metabolism and detoxification of toxins and carcinogens, immune system maintenance, and fat oxidation prevention. Lorna R. Vanderhaeghe and Patrick J.D. Bouic, Ph.D state: "No other antioxidant is as important to overall health as Glutathione. It is the regulator and regenerator of immune cells and the most valuable detoxifying agent in the human body". Its advantage over vitamins C and E is that it works with enzymes that increase its utility. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GP) is converting glutathione in a "master" anioxidant as it is found to be able to slow down the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and the formation of vascular plaques in animal models. Glutathione-S transferase (GST) is the other enzyme that converts glutathione in one of the most poverful detoxifiers. When it is low, there can be an increased risk for a number of conditions associated with low glutathione.
Generally, low levels of Glutathione are associated with hepatic and immune dysfunction, cardiac disease, diabetes, premature aging, and death. Hence, glutathione plays a role in nutrient metabolism, and regulation of gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis, cell growth, and immune response. Its main function though is the role of a powerful “master” antioxidant and detoxifier found within every human cell, but mainly in the liver hepatocytes working as antioxidant and antitoxin detoxifier. A study using liposomal glutathione showed for the first time that the enzyme glutathione peroxidase is found to be naturally embedded in LDL cholesterol. Liposomal glutathione was able to slow the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and to slow the formation of the vascular plaque in the animal model. Glutathione-S transferase (GST) is an enzyme linking glutathione to toxins. When it is low, there can be an increased risk for a number of conditions associated with low glutathione. The findings of the animal study suggest that liposomal glutathione may be useful in supporting normal glutathione levels and function.
Glutathione also helps the other antioxidants in cells stay in their active form. Glutathione deficiency contributes to oxidative stress, which plays a key role in aging and the worsening of many chronic degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, liver disease, anemia, HIV, AIDS, cancer, heart attack, and diabetes.
Glutathione levels are an indicator of the state of health we are in and predictor of how long we will live. As a protein produced naturally in human cells, mainly in liver hepatocytes (in case all its precursors are present), glutathione fights inflammation and preserves cellular health as no other molecule does. Glutathione has also few other benefits: (a). It may improve mental function and to improve mental concentration, (b). It may increase energy, and to assure support during exercise, and (c) It may improve heart and lung function. Because glutathione is important in Redox regulation of transcription factors and enzymes for signal transduction, clinical trials results suggest that polyphenol-mediated regulation of glutathione alters cellular processes. Evidently, glutathione is important in many diseases, and regulation of intracellular glutathione concentrations may be one mechanism by which diet influences disease development. "Glutathione is a substance, the levels of which in our cells are predictive of how long we will live. There are very few other factors which are as predictive of our life expectancy as is our level of cellular glutathione. We literally cannot survive without this antioxidant," - Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D.
Unfortunately with advanced aging the body's supply of glutathione begins to decline 15% per decade starting at the age of twenty five. In fact, if you are older than 25, you are beginning your proper process of physical and mental deterioration. For a while you can use your proper body glutathione storage levels, but with ageing – they will be soon empty. Without doubt, together with the level of glutathione many other hormones and enzymes are also declining with aging. The amount of daily stress, anxiety and depression, acute injuries due to extreme exercise or trauma, obesity, operations, a cascade of acute or chronic diseases, acute and chronic infections, daily use of synthetic drugs, combined with environmental outdoor and indoor toxicity can explain the depletion in glutathione production at its best.
Age-related depletion of glutathione levels and perturbations in its Redox state may be especially deleterious to metabolically active tissues, such as the heart, liver and brain. In a study it was examined the extent and the mechanisms underlying the potential age-related changes in cerebral and myocardial glutathione status in young and old F344 rats and whether administration of (R)-Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) can reverse these damage. The results of this study show that glutathione ratios in the aging heart and the brain decline by 58% - 66% relative to young controls, respectively. Despite a consistent loss in glutathione Redox status in both tissues, only cerebral glutathione levels declined with age. Treating old rats with LA (40 mg/kg body wt) markedly increased tissue cysteine levels by 54% 12 h following treatment and subsequently restored the cerebral glutathione levels. Moreover, ALA improved the age-related changes in the tissue glutathione in both heart and the brain. These results demonstrate that LA is an effective agent to restore both the age-associated decline in thiol-redox ratio as well as increase cerebral glutathione levels that otherwise decline with age. Low blood glutathione levels are found in acute heart attack and myocardial infarction. (IndianJMedSci.2003August;57(8):335-7).
Glutathione levels are an indicator of the state of health we are in and predictor of how long we will live. As a protein produced naturally in human cells, mainly in liver hepatocytes (in case all its precursors are present), glutathione fights inflammation and preserves cellular health as no other molecule does. Glutathione has also few other benefits: (a). It may improve mental function and to improve mental concentration, (b). It may increase energy, and to assure support during exercise, and (c) It may improve heart and lung function. Because glutathione is important in Redox regulation of transcription factors and enzymes for signal transduction, clinical trials results suggest that polyphenol-mediated regulation of glutathione alters cellular processes. Evidently, glutathione is important in many diseases, and regulation of intracellular glutathione concentrations may be one mechanism by which diet influences disease development. "Glutathione is a substance, the levels of which in our cells are predictive of how long we will live. There are very few other factors which are as predictive of our life expectancy as is our level of cellular glutathione. We literally cannot survive without this antioxidant," - Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D.
Unfortunately with advanced aging the body's supply of glutathione begins to decline 15% per decade starting at the age of twenty five. In fact, if you are older than 25, you are beginning your proper process of physical and mental deterioration. For a while you can use your proper body glutathione storage levels, but with ageing – they will be soon empty. Without doubt, together with the level of glutathione many other hormones and enzymes are also declining with aging. The amount of daily stress, anxiety and depression, acute injuries due to extreme exercise or trauma, obesity, operations, a cascade of acute or chronic diseases, acute and chronic infections, daily use of synthetic drugs, combined with environmental outdoor and indoor toxicity can explain the depletion in glutathione production at its best.
Age-related depletion of glutathione levels and perturbations in its Redox state may be especially deleterious to metabolically active tissues, such as the heart, liver and brain. In a study it was examined the extent and the mechanisms underlying the potential age-related changes in cerebral and myocardial glutathione status in young and old F344 rats and whether administration of (R)-Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) can reverse these damage. The results of this study show that glutathione ratios in the aging heart and the brain decline by 58% - 66% relative to young controls, respectively. Despite a consistent loss in glutathione Redox status in both tissues, only cerebral glutathione levels declined with age. Treating old rats with LA (40 mg/kg body wt) markedly increased tissue cysteine levels by 54% 12 h following treatment and subsequently restored the cerebral glutathione levels. Moreover, ALA improved the age-related changes in the tissue glutathione in both heart and the brain. These results demonstrate that LA is an effective agent to restore both the age-associated decline in thiol-redox ratio as well as increase cerebral glutathione levels that otherwise decline with age. Low blood glutathione levels are found in acute heart attack and myocardial infarction. (IndianJMedSci.2003August;57(8):335-7).
When you face the above “rusty” vicious circle of chronic damage and deterioration, you soon will feel empty of energy supply, what gradually will compromise your hormonal and immune balance. No wonder why most cancers and autoimmune diseases are becoming frequent after the age of 50. In order to stop the above process we need either to supplement with glutathione or to find dietary formulas that can naturally nurture the level of intracellular glutathione by providing proper nutrients, to both help manufacturing and absorbing glutathione as well as to aid in liver support, thus helping the liver to function as a main production site and storehouse for glutathione. Taken as a supplement, may not be able to cross across the cell membrane and thus it is not clear how effective a glutathione supplement would be if taken orally as a supplement.
The bottom line is that we all need intracellular glutathione in order to preserve our cellular health to the road of graceful aging and longevity. We need this amino acid as “master” antioxidant, gene-regulator and as an antitoxin. Normalizing glutathione levels will naturally increase the level of your energy, and will detoxify your body while strengthening your immune system.
Note* One should know that before supplying with dietary glutathione we should learn how to increase the natural secretion of the intracellular glutathione. It appears to be completely possible a secondary feedback inhibition in glutathione synthesis in case if supplemented. This means that if glutathione levels are excessively increased with nutrients, the body may decrease its natural production.
The bottom line is that we all need intracellular glutathione in order to preserve our cellular health to the road of graceful aging and longevity. We need this amino acid as “master” antioxidant, gene-regulator and as an antitoxin. Normalizing glutathione levels will naturally increase the level of your energy, and will detoxify your body while strengthening your immune system.
Note* One should know that before supplying with dietary glutathione we should learn how to increase the natural secretion of the intracellular glutathione. It appears to be completely possible a secondary feedback inhibition in glutathione synthesis in case if supplemented. This means that if glutathione levels are excessively increased with nutrients, the body may decrease its natural production.
Glutathione main characteristics and functions in the human body are as follows:
● Glutathione is found in almost all living cells. The liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, and the lens and cornea, have the highest concentrations in the body
● Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant and thus neutralizes free radicals and prevents their formation. It has an important role in immune function via white blood cell production and is one of the most potent anti-viral agents known
● Glutathione is one of the strongest anti-cancer agents manufactured by the body Glutathione is able to reduce oxidized Vitamin C and Vitamin E back to their unoxidized state
● Glutathione is used by the liver to detoxify many toxins including formaldehyde acetaminophen, benzpyrene and many other compounds and plays a key role in Phase I and Phase II detoxification reactions
● Glutathione is an antioxidant necessary for the protection of proteins. It is involved in nucleic acid synthesis and plays a role in DNA repair
● Glutathione maintains the cellular Redox potential.
● Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant and thus neutralizes free radicals and prevents their formation. It has an important role in immune function via white blood cell production and is one of the most potent anti-viral agents known
● Glutathione is one of the strongest anti-cancer agents manufactured by the body Glutathione is able to reduce oxidized Vitamin C and Vitamin E back to their unoxidized state
● Glutathione is used by the liver to detoxify many toxins including formaldehyde acetaminophen, benzpyrene and many other compounds and plays a key role in Phase I and Phase II detoxification reactions
● Glutathione is an antioxidant necessary for the protection of proteins. It is involved in nucleic acid synthesis and plays a role in DNA repair
● Glutathione maintains the cellular Redox potential.
How to increase glutathione levels naturally?
Glutathione may be increased by consuming particular fruits, vegetables and meats. A chemical (cyanohydroxybutene) found in broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and cabbage, is also found to increase glutathione levels. Curcumin treatment alleviates the effects of glutathione depletion in vitro and in vivo: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease explained via in silico studies (Jagatha, Mythri, Vali & Bharath, 2008). Various other spices (herbs) as cinnamon, cumin and cardamom have compounds that can also restore healthy levels of glutathione. Another antioxidant to consider is the mineral Selenium. Brazil nuts contain a high amount of selenium which can increase glutathione levels (Thomson, Chisholm, McLachlan & Campbell, 2008). In a study published 2005, January in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (1), 277-83 it was shown that dietary plant polyphenols, namely-flavonoids, modulate expression of an important enzyme in both cellular antioxidant defenses and detoxification of xenobiotics, i.e., gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. This enzyme is rate limiting in the synthesis of the most important endogenous antioxidant in cells, glutathione. It was shown in vitro that flavonoids increase the expression of this enzyme and, by using a unique transgenic reporter mouse strain, showed increased expression in vivo, with a concomitant increase in the intracellular glutathione concentrations in muscles. The aim of this study was to discuss some of the mechanisms involved in the glutathione-mediated, endogenous, cellular antioxidant defense system, how it is possible modulation by dietary polyphenols such as flavonoids may influence disease development, and how it can be studied with in vivo imaging.
Dietary Formulas:
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor of glutathione in the body and a protected sulfur-containing amino acid. It is more stable than the sulfur-containing amino acid L-Cysteine and it can regenerate the glutathione intracellular levels. In fact NAC is one of the first formulas that can increase the level of naturally secreted human glutathione. A review article in the April 1998 issue of Alternative Medicine Reviews summarizes the known effects of acetylcysteine. The author states, “N-acetylcysteine is an excellent source of sulfhydryl groups, and is converted in the body into metabolites capable of stimulating glutathione synthesis, promoting detoxification, and acting directly as a free radical scavenger. Administration of NAC has been used as a mucolytic [mucus dissolving] agent in a variety of respiratory illnesses; cystic fibrosis, including asthma, however, it appears to also have beneficial effects in conditions characterized by elevated homocysteine, decreased glutathione or elevated oxidative stress, such as infections, cancer, heart disease, etc.”
Alpha Lipoic Acid (thioctic acid or ALA) or R-lipoic acid are both powerful antioxidant formulas that support synergistically healthy metabolism and energy levels. ALA also assists B vitamins in converting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy. Alpha-lipoic acid also helps bring vitamins C and E, glutathione and CoQ-10 to their active states. People with a vitamin B12 deficiency should avoid alpha lipoic acid as its use may cause a worsening of symptoms. A practical option we faced is to alternate the use of r alpha lipoic acid with NAC every other day and to take 2 days off each week. R-lipoic acid reverses the age-related loss in glutathione Redox status in post-mitotic tissues: evidence for increased cysteine requirement for glutathione synthesis.(ArchBiochemBiophys2004Mar1,423,126-35).
Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC) is a potent "super" nutrient that supports the body in the same manner as L-Carnitine, but as it has the ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier is more bioavailable. Acetyl L-Carnitine supports mental sharpness by stimulating acetylcholine production. It has been shown to help maintain cellular membrane stability, and to promote cell membrane health. ALC may protect against a wide range of age-related degenerative diseases and changes, such as Alzheimer disease. ALC enhances energy production by promoting the transport of fatty acids into the energy-producing units in the cells. In two animal studies from the University of California at Berkeley (Hagen et al., 1998) acetyl l-carnitine significantly benefited mitochondrial health and promoted increased cellular respiration and membrane health.
A combination between ALC and ALA may support metabolic functions in metabolic syndrome disorders. The combination may also be important in supporting the body's maintenance of cellular function as we age, acting as a neuro protective agent that can help with mental acuity, cerebral blood flow and energy production within the brain. Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (2009) recently discovered that individuals with lower levels of circulating leptin had an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer Disease (AD).
Bioperine enhances the body's ability to properly utilize the daily foods and nutrients we take in. It sets in motion the mechanisms that lead to digestion and subsequent gastrointestinal absorption.
Pine bark extract (pycnogenol or OPC) is a potent antioxidant and may help boost the effects of vitamin C and other antioxidants. The pine bark extract is able to act as an antioxidant because it scavenges, or collects, reactive oxygen and nitrogen in the body, and slows the body’s production of peroxides. It also suppresses the production of free radicals in the system, and prevents the adhesion of several proteins that cause inflammation. It consists of bioflavonoids, catechins, procyanidins and phenolic acids. Pycnogenol acts as powerful antioxidant, chelating agent; it stimulates the activities of some enzymes, like SOD, ENOS, and exhibits other biological activities. It was proven that only one month of Pycnogenol administration (1 mg/kg body weight/day) can decrease in oxidized glutathione and a highly significant increase in glutathione levels as well as improvement of glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio in comparison to a group of patients taking a placebo (Redox Rep. 2006;11(4):163-72;Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University,Bratislava,SlovakRepublic).
Whey Protein and glutathione connection: Whey may help repair DNA and RNA, to regulate blood sugar and brain chemicals, to improve liver and red blood cell production, to bind and safely remove heavy metals, to build and retain muscles, to enhance or regulate iron absorption and to fight infections. The majority of research was done in the 1980s and early 1990s, and was extremely persuasive. “Whey protein isolate increases glutathione levels in human prostate epithelial cells” (Kent, Bomser & Harper, 2002 [Annual Meeting and Food Expo - Anaheim, California, Session 73, Dairy Foods: Probiotics and bioactive components in milk]
Glutathione may be increased by consuming particular fruits, vegetables and meats. A chemical (cyanohydroxybutene) found in broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and cabbage, is also found to increase glutathione levels. Curcumin treatment alleviates the effects of glutathione depletion in vitro and in vivo: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease explained via in silico studies (Jagatha, Mythri, Vali & Bharath, 2008). Various other spices (herbs) as cinnamon, cumin and cardamom have compounds that can also restore healthy levels of glutathione. Another antioxidant to consider is the mineral Selenium. Brazil nuts contain a high amount of selenium which can increase glutathione levels (Thomson, Chisholm, McLachlan & Campbell, 2008). In a study published 2005, January in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (1), 277-83 it was shown that dietary plant polyphenols, namely-flavonoids, modulate expression of an important enzyme in both cellular antioxidant defenses and detoxification of xenobiotics, i.e., gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. This enzyme is rate limiting in the synthesis of the most important endogenous antioxidant in cells, glutathione. It was shown in vitro that flavonoids increase the expression of this enzyme and, by using a unique transgenic reporter mouse strain, showed increased expression in vivo, with a concomitant increase in the intracellular glutathione concentrations in muscles. The aim of this study was to discuss some of the mechanisms involved in the glutathione-mediated, endogenous, cellular antioxidant defense system, how it is possible modulation by dietary polyphenols such as flavonoids may influence disease development, and how it can be studied with in vivo imaging.
Dietary Formulas:
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor of glutathione in the body and a protected sulfur-containing amino acid. It is more stable than the sulfur-containing amino acid L-Cysteine and it can regenerate the glutathione intracellular levels. In fact NAC is one of the first formulas that can increase the level of naturally secreted human glutathione. A review article in the April 1998 issue of Alternative Medicine Reviews summarizes the known effects of acetylcysteine. The author states, “N-acetylcysteine is an excellent source of sulfhydryl groups, and is converted in the body into metabolites capable of stimulating glutathione synthesis, promoting detoxification, and acting directly as a free radical scavenger. Administration of NAC has been used as a mucolytic [mucus dissolving] agent in a variety of respiratory illnesses; cystic fibrosis, including asthma, however, it appears to also have beneficial effects in conditions characterized by elevated homocysteine, decreased glutathione or elevated oxidative stress, such as infections, cancer, heart disease, etc.”
Alpha Lipoic Acid (thioctic acid or ALA) or R-lipoic acid are both powerful antioxidant formulas that support synergistically healthy metabolism and energy levels. ALA also assists B vitamins in converting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy. Alpha-lipoic acid also helps bring vitamins C and E, glutathione and CoQ-10 to their active states. People with a vitamin B12 deficiency should avoid alpha lipoic acid as its use may cause a worsening of symptoms. A practical option we faced is to alternate the use of r alpha lipoic acid with NAC every other day and to take 2 days off each week. R-lipoic acid reverses the age-related loss in glutathione Redox status in post-mitotic tissues: evidence for increased cysteine requirement for glutathione synthesis.(ArchBiochemBiophys2004Mar1,423,126-35).
Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC) is a potent "super" nutrient that supports the body in the same manner as L-Carnitine, but as it has the ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier is more bioavailable. Acetyl L-Carnitine supports mental sharpness by stimulating acetylcholine production. It has been shown to help maintain cellular membrane stability, and to promote cell membrane health. ALC may protect against a wide range of age-related degenerative diseases and changes, such as Alzheimer disease. ALC enhances energy production by promoting the transport of fatty acids into the energy-producing units in the cells. In two animal studies from the University of California at Berkeley (Hagen et al., 1998) acetyl l-carnitine significantly benefited mitochondrial health and promoted increased cellular respiration and membrane health.
A combination between ALC and ALA may support metabolic functions in metabolic syndrome disorders. The combination may also be important in supporting the body's maintenance of cellular function as we age, acting as a neuro protective agent that can help with mental acuity, cerebral blood flow and energy production within the brain. Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (2009) recently discovered that individuals with lower levels of circulating leptin had an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer Disease (AD).
Bioperine enhances the body's ability to properly utilize the daily foods and nutrients we take in. It sets in motion the mechanisms that lead to digestion and subsequent gastrointestinal absorption.
Pine bark extract (pycnogenol or OPC) is a potent antioxidant and may help boost the effects of vitamin C and other antioxidants. The pine bark extract is able to act as an antioxidant because it scavenges, or collects, reactive oxygen and nitrogen in the body, and slows the body’s production of peroxides. It also suppresses the production of free radicals in the system, and prevents the adhesion of several proteins that cause inflammation. It consists of bioflavonoids, catechins, procyanidins and phenolic acids. Pycnogenol acts as powerful antioxidant, chelating agent; it stimulates the activities of some enzymes, like SOD, ENOS, and exhibits other biological activities. It was proven that only one month of Pycnogenol administration (1 mg/kg body weight/day) can decrease in oxidized glutathione and a highly significant increase in glutathione levels as well as improvement of glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio in comparison to a group of patients taking a placebo (Redox Rep. 2006;11(4):163-72;Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University,Bratislava,SlovakRepublic).
Whey Protein and glutathione connection: Whey may help repair DNA and RNA, to regulate blood sugar and brain chemicals, to improve liver and red blood cell production, to bind and safely remove heavy metals, to build and retain muscles, to enhance or regulate iron absorption and to fight infections. The majority of research was done in the 1980s and early 1990s, and was extremely persuasive. “Whey protein isolate increases glutathione levels in human prostate epithelial cells” (Kent, Bomser & Harper, 2002 [Annual Meeting and Food Expo - Anaheim, California, Session 73, Dairy Foods: Probiotics and bioactive components in milk]
Immunocal is milk-serum- protein concentrate that raises cellular glutathione described in the Dr. Howenstine's book “A Physycian Guide to Natural health Products That Work"
MaxGXL® is a formula that has been clinically proven to increase intracellular glutathione.
References:
Thomson, C. D., Chisholm, A., McLachlan, S. K., & Campbell, J. M. (2008). Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 379-84.
Jagatha. B, Mythri, R. B., Vali, S., & Bharath, M. M. (2008). Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900 Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Pressman, A. H. Glutathione: the Ultimate Antioxidant. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Rozzorno J. E., & Murray, J. T.eds. Textbook of Natural Medicine, 2nd ed. Edinborough, Scotland: Churchill Livingston, 1999.
Carlo, M. D. Jr, & Loeser, R. F. (2003). Increased oxidative stress with aging reduces chondrocyte survival: correlation with intracellular glutathione levels. Arthritis Rheumatoides, 3419-30.
Hamilton, D., & Batist, G. "Glutathione analogues in cancer treatment." Curr Oncol Rep (March 2004): 116-22.
Wessner, B., Strasser, E. M., Spittler, A., & Roth. E. (2003). Effect of single and combined supply of glutamine, glycine, N-acetylcysteine, and R, S-alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione content of myelomonocytic cells. Clin Nutr, 515-22.
Witschi A.S. Reddy, B. Stofer, & Lauterburg, B.H. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
Wu, G., Y. Z. Fang, S. Yang, J. R. Lupton, & N. D. Turner. "Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health." J Nutr (March 2004): 489-92.
Zenger, F., S. Russmann, E. Junker, C. Wuthrich, M. H. Bui, and B. H. Lauterburg. "Decreased glutathione in patients with anorexia nervosa. Risk factor for toxic liver injury?" Eur J Clin Nutr. (February 2004): 238-43.
ALS Therapy Development Foundation. 215 First Street, Cambridge Mass. 02142.
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. 6931 Arlington Road, Bethesda MD 20814.
NCCAM Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923 Gaithersburg, MD 20898.
Samuel Uretsky, Pharm.D.
If you would like to learn more on the above topic, to request an on line or by phone alternative consultation, or a newly written article that can suit your business purposes, please call: (715) 392-7591; (218) 213-6167; or (218) 213-7087
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The material in this newsletter is provided for informational purposes only. Thus our intentions are not to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent any disease. If you use the information in this newsletter without the approval of your health professional, the authors of this letter do not assume any responsibility. Copyright @ 2009, Natural Health-Wellness LLC. All rights reserved.
MaxGXL® is a formula that has been clinically proven to increase intracellular glutathione.
References:
Thomson, C. D., Chisholm, A., McLachlan, S. K., & Campbell, J. M. (2008). Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 379-84.
Jagatha. B, Mythri, R. B., Vali, S., & Bharath, M. M. (2008). Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900 Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Pressman, A. H. Glutathione: the Ultimate Antioxidant. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Rozzorno J. E., & Murray, J. T.eds. Textbook of Natural Medicine, 2nd ed. Edinborough, Scotland: Churchill Livingston, 1999.
Carlo, M. D. Jr, & Loeser, R. F. (2003). Increased oxidative stress with aging reduces chondrocyte survival: correlation with intracellular glutathione levels. Arthritis Rheumatoides, 3419-30.
Hamilton, D., & Batist, G. "Glutathione analogues in cancer treatment." Curr Oncol Rep (March 2004): 116-22.
Wessner, B., Strasser, E. M., Spittler, A., & Roth. E. (2003). Effect of single and combined supply of glutamine, glycine, N-acetylcysteine, and R, S-alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione content of myelomonocytic cells. Clin Nutr, 515-22.
Witschi A.S. Reddy, B. Stofer, & Lauterburg, B.H. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
Wu, G., Y. Z. Fang, S. Yang, J. R. Lupton, & N. D. Turner. "Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health." J Nutr (March 2004): 489-92.
Zenger, F., S. Russmann, E. Junker, C. Wuthrich, M. H. Bui, and B. H. Lauterburg. "Decreased glutathione in patients with anorexia nervosa. Risk factor for toxic liver injury?" Eur J Clin Nutr. (February 2004): 238-43.
ALS Therapy Development Foundation. 215 First Street, Cambridge Mass. 02142.
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. 6931 Arlington Road, Bethesda MD 20814.
NCCAM Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923 Gaithersburg, MD 20898.
Samuel Uretsky, Pharm.D.
If you would like to learn more on the above topic, to request an on line or by phone alternative consultation, or a newly written article that can suit your business purposes, please call: (715) 392-7591; (218) 213-6167; or (218) 213-7087
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The material in this newsletter is provided for informational purposes only. Thus our intentions are not to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent any disease. If you use the information in this newsletter without the approval of your health professional, the authors of this letter do not assume any responsibility. Copyright @ 2009, Natural Health-Wellness LLC. All rights reserved.
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