Antoaneta Sawyer, PhD
The last two centuries saw Americans transforming from fit to fat and from overweight to obese. Heart disease, cancer, autoimmune disease, obesity, and metabolic syndrome plagued the whole American society with very little sign of statistic improvement. Maybe you have heard of metabolic syndrome, or maybe not, but according to recent statistics, 27 percent of all American adults and 40 percent in their 60s and 70s, fit the criteria of having the syndrome.
Syndrome X is seen as the common cаuѕe of premаture deаth and diѕаbility, leading to аccelerаted and preliminary аging. Despite, insulin resistance is considered the main culprit behind the metabolic syndrome appearance, there are few other hormones involved in its pathogenesis. One of them is the hormone leptin. Its discovery (1994) marked one of the most significant changes in conventional medical theories and practice.
Leptin is a major and powerful hormone that sends impulses to a specific structure in the human brain (hippocampus) suggesting resistance to the temptation of foods. When food is consumed, leptin is secreted by the adipose (visceral and subcutaneous) tissue into the blood where it sends impulses to the brain. There is a structure in the human brain known as “nucleus caudatus,” armed with specialized receptors that respond to leptin.
Actually, leptin is a hunger-mediator, causing feelings of satiety and is proven critical in controlling the caloric intake. It can be easily compared to a natural appetite suppressant, while insulin- to an appetite stimulant. Leptin can be also compared to the principle violin in the philharmonic orchestra – the “concertmaster”– who controls (tunes) the other instruments (hormones) - to function- or – not. The hormone works to increase energy expenditure, thus being particularly responsible for the body fat warehouse.
Rosenbaum is one of the first researchers whose attention stayed focused mainly on the paradigm “leptin and leptin resistance.” Its discovery helped scientists to start “in vivo” clinical trials with leptin that caused mice to eat less and lose weight. According to the author, leptin may explain why people who lose weight often have a hard time keeping it off, and by restoring leptin to its pre-diet levels may reverse the problem. The article published in the International Journal of Obesity (2004; 28, p.1344–48) proved that “obese subjects are almost uniformly hyperleptinemic, but the hypothalamus is unable to transduce this leptin signal to reduce body weight, termed 'leptin resistance'.” Explained differently, leptin resistance occurs when the body is no longer efficient at carrying the hormone across the blood-brain barrier to the brain.
By offering completely “new way” for dieters to treat obesity, Rosenbaum et al. concluded that “when someone looses weight it is created about the ‘perfect storm’ for regaining weight,” and that “after a significant weight loss, the metabolism not only becomes more efficient, but the brain becomes more vulnerable, as there are areas of the brain that seem to be less active-thus, one becomes more responsive to food and in less control of it, as per his final conclusions.” (Rosenbaum et al., 2004) http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v28/n10/full/0802753a.html
Several other teams of researchers pointed out to the fact that hormonal imbalance may have everything to do with being overweight or obese. Hart abd Grossman (2007) believed that the fat cells do not and cannot develop insulin resistance to the degree other body and organ’s cells do, and as a result of insulin resistance, all muscles and organs are being starved, while fat cells are being fed. They were working on leptin resistance, as the main culprit behind the syndrome appearance. That was the new “missing link” that surfaced in the field of weight loss. Insulin was just seen as a co-promoter in the appearance of the “apple shape” obesity— main marker of the metabolic disorder. Researchers agreed that the more insulin the pancreas secretes— the more likely is the appearance of the “apple shape” around the waist. It was also proved that the more “leptin resistant” the body becomes— the more likely is the metabolic syndrome appearance. Apparently, hyperinsulinemia combined with insulin and leptin resistance can make anyone obese.
Rosenbaum is one of the first researchers whose attention stayed focused mainly on the paradigm “leptin and leptin resistance.” Its discovery helped scientists to start “in vivo” clinical trials with leptin that caused mice to eat less and lose weight. According to the author, leptin may explain why people who lose weight often have a hard time keeping it off, and by restoring leptin to its pre-diet levels may reverse the problem. The article published in the International Journal of Obesity (2004; 28, p.1344–48) proved that “obese subjects are almost uniformly hyperleptinemic, but the hypothalamus is unable to transduce this leptin signal to reduce body weight, termed 'leptin resistance'.” Explained differently, leptin resistance occurs when the body is no longer efficient at carrying the hormone across the blood-brain barrier to the brain.
By offering completely “new way” for dieters to treat obesity, Rosenbaum et al. concluded that “when someone looses weight it is created about the ‘perfect storm’ for regaining weight,” and that “after a significant weight loss, the metabolism not only becomes more efficient, but the brain becomes more vulnerable, as there are areas of the brain that seem to be less active-thus, one becomes more responsive to food and in less control of it, as per his final conclusions.” (Rosenbaum et al., 2004) http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v28/n10/full/0802753a.html
Several other teams of researchers pointed out to the fact that hormonal imbalance may have everything to do with being overweight or obese. Hart abd Grossman (2007) believed that the fat cells do not and cannot develop insulin resistance to the degree other body and organ’s cells do, and as a result of insulin resistance, all muscles and organs are being starved, while fat cells are being fed. They were working on leptin resistance, as the main culprit behind the syndrome appearance. That was the new “missing link” that surfaced in the field of weight loss. Insulin was just seen as a co-promoter in the appearance of the “apple shape” obesity— main marker of the metabolic disorder. Researchers agreed that the more insulin the pancreas secretes— the more likely is the appearance of the “apple shape” around the waist. It was also proved that the more “leptin resistant” the body becomes— the more likely is the metabolic syndrome appearance. Apparently, hyperinsulinemia combined with insulin and leptin resistance can make anyone obese.
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These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The material in this newsletter is provided for informational purposes only. Thus our intentions are not to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent any disease. If you use the information in this newsletter without the approval of your health professional, the authors of this letter do not assume any responsibility. Copyright @ 2009, Natural Health-Wellness LLC. All rights reserved.
You may visit us at: http://www.examiner.com/x-49392-Milwaukee-Diets-Examiner
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The material in this newsletter is provided for informational purposes only. Thus our intentions are not to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent any disease. If you use the information in this newsletter without the approval of your health professional, the authors of this letter do not assume any responsibility. Copyright @ 2009, Natural Health-Wellness LLC. All rights reserved.
You may visit us at: http://www.examiner.com/x-49392-Milwaukee-Diets-Examiner
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