Antoaneta Sawyer, PhD
Syndrome X (Metabolic Syndrome) is a metabolic disease characterized by the presence of several of the following risk factors: glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high triglycerides, and abnormal body mass index (BMI), microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction, and general prothrombotic state– all at the background of chronic inflammation. (Source, Wiki and Wrong Diagnosis)
The main problem of our last century is that the syndrome is constantly escalating around the world, and especially here in U.S. It is estimated that over 22% of the adult U.S. population have the syndrome and its incidence is rapidly increasing each year. There are expectations that additional number of 12 million adults will likely develop the disease as a result of aging alone by 2022.
Metabolic syndrome is also known as a “prediabetic” phase or as a precursor to the development of type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is recognized as the condition of having abnormal or elevated levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is found in cases when blood glucose levels are elevated beyond normal but are not considered high enough to indicate true type 2 diabetes. There are 57 million people in the United States who have pre-diabetes. Recent research has shown that some long-term damage to the body, especially (Source, ADA)
Prediabetes is recognized as the condition of having abnormal or elevated levels of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides in the blood. In general, the ‘prediabetic’ phase should be defined as combination of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, elevated insulin secretion, and inflammation - all seen as predictors of the metabolic syndrome. Even in non-diabetic subjects, people who are insulin resistant always have slightly elevated glucose levels. There are two different tests your doctor can use to determine whether you have pre-diabetes: the fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) or the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
(Source, ADA and Wiki)
From multiple literature data is concluded that increased cardiovascular risk factors precede the onset of type 2 diabetes. An issue is whether it is glucose intolerance or insulin resistance that increases the cardio-vascular risk. As shown in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) and the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) there is a beta-cell dysfunction (an increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion) and chronic subclinical inflammation. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) data suggest that the relationship between glucose concentrations, while clearly significant related to myocardial infarction (MI) is not as significant in its relationship to microvascular disease. Pyorala and co-authors also presented data from a 22-year follow-up of the Helsinki Policemen Study reported in Circulation (1998) that showed that nondiabetic men with the highest insulin resistance (IR) are at greatest risk for a major CHD event.
The "prediabetic" phase is seen by most of the researchers as an early attempt metabolic syndrome to be defined. Most adults who develop “prediabetes” have insulin resistance as its main culprit. Insulin resistance refers to the mechanism by which one develops prediabetes or metabolic syndrome. In fact they are not considered two different conditions. They are cause and effect — insulin resistance is a synonym for metabolic syndrome which is the preamble of the prediabetes state.
The recently completed Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study and the Wisconsin Diabetes Strategic Plan (WIDSP) 2004-2009 are showing to people with prediabetes the way how they can prevent the development of type 2 diabetes by making changes in their diet and increasing their level of physical activity. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) is offering allot of resources for people at risk for diabetes that can be used by people with prediabetes.
In conclusion, prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes are both intimately associated with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, visceral (central) obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The metabolic syndrome describes the same constellation of abnormalities, with or without glucose intolerance. In conclusion, “prediabetes” is a term-synonym for metabolic syndrome. The prediabetic phase is found in case when blood glucose (sugar) levels are elevated beyond normal but are not considered high enough to indicate true Type 2 diabetes. (Source, Wiki and Emedicine)
Otherwise, prediabetes is diagnosed when the levels of glucose are abnormal but below the well known diabetic values: fasting values of 100-125 mg/dl, and 140-199 mg/dl (two hours after a glucose load). For true diabetes to be confirmed, the values must be 126 mg/dl (fasting levels) and 200 mg/dl (two hours after a glucose load).
Syndrome X (Metabolic Syndrome) is a metabolic disease characterized by the presence of several of the following risk factors: glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high triglycerides, and abnormal body mass index (BMI), microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction, and general prothrombotic state– all at the background of chronic inflammation. (Source, Wiki and Wrong Diagnosis)
The main problem of our last century is that the syndrome is constantly escalating around the world, and especially here in U.S. It is estimated that over 22% of the adult U.S. population have the syndrome and its incidence is rapidly increasing each year. There are expectations that additional number of 12 million adults will likely develop the disease as a result of aging alone by 2022.
Metabolic syndrome is also known as a “prediabetic” phase or as a precursor to the development of type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is recognized as the condition of having abnormal or elevated levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is found in cases when blood glucose levels are elevated beyond normal but are not considered high enough to indicate true type 2 diabetes. There are 57 million people in the United States who have pre-diabetes. Recent research has shown that some long-term damage to the body, especially (Source, ADA)
Prediabetes is recognized as the condition of having abnormal or elevated levels of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides in the blood. In general, the ‘prediabetic’ phase should be defined as combination of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, elevated insulin secretion, and inflammation - all seen as predictors of the metabolic syndrome. Even in non-diabetic subjects, people who are insulin resistant always have slightly elevated glucose levels. There are two different tests your doctor can use to determine whether you have pre-diabetes: the fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) or the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
(Source, ADA and Wiki)
From multiple literature data is concluded that increased cardiovascular risk factors precede the onset of type 2 diabetes. An issue is whether it is glucose intolerance or insulin resistance that increases the cardio-vascular risk. As shown in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) and the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) there is a beta-cell dysfunction (an increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion) and chronic subclinical inflammation. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) data suggest that the relationship between glucose concentrations, while clearly significant related to myocardial infarction (MI) is not as significant in its relationship to microvascular disease. Pyorala and co-authors also presented data from a 22-year follow-up of the Helsinki Policemen Study reported in Circulation (1998) that showed that nondiabetic men with the highest insulin resistance (IR) are at greatest risk for a major CHD event.
The "prediabetic" phase is seen by most of the researchers as an early attempt metabolic syndrome to be defined. Most adults who develop “prediabetes” have insulin resistance as its main culprit. Insulin resistance refers to the mechanism by which one develops prediabetes or metabolic syndrome. In fact they are not considered two different conditions. They are cause and effect — insulin resistance is a synonym for metabolic syndrome which is the preamble of the prediabetes state.
The recently completed Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study and the Wisconsin Diabetes Strategic Plan (WIDSP) 2004-2009 are showing to people with prediabetes the way how they can prevent the development of type 2 diabetes by making changes in their diet and increasing their level of physical activity. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) is offering allot of resources for people at risk for diabetes that can be used by people with prediabetes.
In conclusion, prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes are both intimately associated with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, visceral (central) obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The metabolic syndrome describes the same constellation of abnormalities, with or without glucose intolerance. In conclusion, “prediabetes” is a term-synonym for metabolic syndrome. The prediabetic phase is found in case when blood glucose (sugar) levels are elevated beyond normal but are not considered high enough to indicate true Type 2 diabetes. (Source, Wiki and Emedicine)
Otherwise, prediabetes is diagnosed when the levels of glucose are abnormal but below the well known diabetic values: fasting values of 100-125 mg/dl, and 140-199 mg/dl (two hours after a glucose load). For true diabetes to be confirmed, the values must be 126 mg/dl (fasting levels) and 200 mg/dl (two hours after a glucose load).
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